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|vicepresident = Omar Suleiman |term_start = 14 October 1981 |term_end = 11 February 2011 |predecessor = Anwar El-Sadat Sufi Abu Taleb |successor = Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Mohamed Morsi |office1 = Prime Minister of Egypt |president1 = Sufi Abu Taleb Himself |term_start1 = 7 October 1981 |term_end1 = 2 January 1982 |predecessor1 = Anwar Sadat |successor1 = Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin |office2 = Vice President of Egypt |president2 = Anwar Sadat |term_start2 = 16 April 1975 |term_end2 = 14 October 1981 |predecessor2 = Hussein el-Shafei Mahmoud Fawzi |successor2 = Omar Suleiman |office3 = Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement |term_start3 = 16 July 2009 |term_end3 = 11 February 2011 |predecessor3 = Raúl Castro |successor3 = Mohamed Hussein Tantawi |office4 = Commander of the Air Force |president4 = Anwar Sadat |term_start4 = 23 April 1972 |term_end4 = 16 April 1975 |predecessor4 = Ali Mustafa Baghdady |successor4 = Mahmoud Shaker |office5 = Director of the Egyptian Air Academy |term_start5 = 1967 |term_end5 = 1969 |predecessor5 = Yahia Saleh Al-Aidaros |successor5 = Mahmoud Shaker |birth_date = |birth_place = Kafr-El Meselha, Egypt |death_date = |death_place = |party = National Democratic Party |spouse = Suzanne Thabet |children = Alaa Gamal |alma_mater = Egyptian Military Academy Egyptian Air Academy Frunze Military Academy |religion = Sunni Islam |signature = Hosni Mubarak Signature.svg |footnotes = a. Office vacant from 14 October 1981 to 29 January 2011 b. as Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces c.c. military rank withdrawn after trial |allegiance = |branch = |rank = 25px – Air Chief Marshal〔 |serviceyears = 1950–1975 |commands = Egyptian Air Force Egyptian Air Academy Beni Suef Air Base Cairo West Air Base }} Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak ((アラビア語:محمد حسني السيد مبارك), , '; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of air chief marshal.〔 Some time in the 1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy as an instructor, remaining there until early 1959.〔 He was appointed Vice President of Egypt by President Anwar Sadat in 1975 and assumed the presidency on 14 October 1981, eight days after Sadat's assassination. Mubarak's presidency lasted almost thirty years, making him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha, who ruled the country from 1805 to 1848. Mubarak stepped down after 18 days of demonstrations during the 2011 Egyptian revolution. On 11 February 2011, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned as president and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor ordered Mubarak and both of his sons (Alaa and Gamal) to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power. Mubarak was then ordered to stand trial on charges of negligence for failing to halt the killing of peaceful protesters during the revolution. These trials began on 3 August 2011. On 2 June 2012, an Egyptian court sentenced Mubarak to life imprisonment. After sentencing, he was reported to have suffered a series of health crises. On 13 January 2013, Egypt's Court of Cassation overturned Mubarak's sentence and ordered a retrial.〔(Egypt's Mubarak to get retrial ). 3 News. Retrieved on 2014-01-16.〕 On retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on 9 May 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences. Mubarak is detained in a military hospital and his sons were freed 12 October 2015 by a Cairo court. ==Early life and Air Force career== Hosni Mubarak was born on 4 May 1928 in Kafr El-Meselha, Monufia Governorate, Egypt. After leaving high school, he joined the Egyptian Military Academy where he received a Bachelor's degree in Military Sciences in 1949. On 2 February 1949, he left the Military Academy and joined the Air Force Academy, gaining his commission as a pilot officer on 13 March 1950 and eventually receiving a Bachelor's degree in aviation sciences. Mubarak served as an Egyptian Air Force officer in various formations and units; he spent two years in a Spitfire fighter squadron.〔 Some time in the 1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy as an instructor, remaining there until early 1959.〔 From February 1959 to June 1961, Mubarak undertook further training in the Soviet Union, attending a Soviet pilot training school in Moscow and another at Kant Air Base near Bishkek in the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic. Mubarak undertook training on the Ilyushin Il-28 and Tupolev Tu-16 jet bombers. In 1964 he gained a place at the Frunze Military Academy in Moscow. On his return to Egypt, he served as a wing commander, then as a base commander; he commanded the Cairo West Air Base in October 1966 then briefly commanded the Beni Suef Air Base.〔 In November 1967, Mubarak became the Air Force Academy's commander when he was credited with doubling the number of Air Force pilots and navigators during the pre-October War years. Two years later, he became Chief of Staff for the Egyptian Air Force. In 1972, Mubarak became Commander of the Air Force and Egyptian Deputy Minister of Defense. On 6 October 1973, the Egyptian Air Force launched a surprise attack on Israeli soldiers on the east bank of the Suez Canal. Egyptian pilots hit 90% of their targets, making Mubarak a national hero.〔CNN Library, (Hosni Mubarak Fast Facts ). 31 May 2014〕 The next year he was promoted to Air Chief Marshal in recognition of service during the October War of 1973 against Israel.〔 Mubarak was credited in some publications for Egypt's initial strong performance in the war. The Egyptian analyst Mohamed Hassanein Heikal said the Air Force played a mostly psychological role in the war, providing an inspirational sight for the Egyptian ground troops who carried out the crossing of the Suez Canal, rather than for any military necessity. However Mubarak's influence was also disputed by Shahdan El-Shazli, the daughter of the former Egyptian military Chief of Staff Saad el-Shazly. She said Mubarak exaggerated his role in the 1973 war. In an interview with the Egyptian independent newspaper Almasry Alyoum (26 February 2011), El-Shazli said Mubarak altered documents to take credit from her father for the initial success of the Egyptian forces in 1973. She also said photographs pertaining to the discussions in the military command room were altered and Saad El-Shazli was erased and replaced with Mubarak. She stated she intends to take legal action. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hosni Mubarak」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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